Виробництво кисломолочних продуктів відбувається двома способами: термостатним (рисунок 1) і резервуарним (рисунок 2). Загальну схему технології кисломолочних продуктів наведено на рисунку 3.
Перші дев’ять операцій є загальними для термостатного і резервуарного способів виробництва. При виробництві кисломолочних продуктів із знежиреного молока виключаються нормалізація і гомогенізація. При виготовленні кисломолочних продуктів використовують молоко з кислотністю не вище 19 °Т, за редуктазною пробою не нижче І класу, за механічною забрудненістю не нижче І групи.
Рисунок 1 – Схема технологічної лінії виробництва кисломолочних продуктів термостатним способом:
1 – ємкість для нормалізованої суміші; 2 – насос; 3 – проміжний бак; 4 – пластинчаста пастеризаційно-охолоджувальна установка; 5 – сепаратор-молокоочисник; 6– гомогенізатор; 7 – витримувач; 8 – ємкість для заквашування молока; 9 – автомат для фасування продукту; 10 – термостатна камера; 11 – охолоджувальна камера; 12 – камера зберігання готової продукції
Рисунок 2 – Схема технологічної лінії виробництва кисломолочних продуктів резервуарним способом:
1 – ємкість для нормалізованої суміші; 2, 9 – насоси; 3 – проміжний бак; 4 – пластинчаста пастеризаційно-охолоджувальна установка; 5 – сепаратор-молокоочисник; 6 – гомогенізатор; 7 – витримувач; 8 – ємкість для сквашування молока; 10 – охолоджувач згустку; 11 – ємкість для охолодженого згустку
Рисунок 3 – Загальна схема технологічних процесів виробництва кисломолочних продуктів
Особливу увагу звертають на бактеріальне забруднення вихідного молока. Більшість кисломолочних продуктів повинні містити не менш як 3,2% жиру. Необхідну для нормалізації масу знежиреного молока або вершків визначають за формулами, квадратом або трикутником.
У технології кисломолочних продуктів важливе значення має режим пастеризації молока, при виборі якого треба враховувати фізико-хімічні зміни складових частин молока під впливом температури. Нагрівання молока в межах 55-60°С спричинює різке гальмування розвитку молочнокислих бактерій. Це пояснюється тим, що різко знижується дисперсність колоїдної системи. Значно збільшуються частки казеїну, стаючи менш доступними для перетравної дії молочнокислих бактерій. Крім того, фізико-хімічні властивості складових молока в результаті обробки за різних температур істотно впливають на консистенцію кисломолочних напоїв. Найоптимальніший режим пастеризації для кисломолочних продуктів – це температура 85-87°С з витримуванням протягом 3-10 хв. або 90-92°С з витримуванням 2-3 хв. При цьому підвищуються гідрофільні властивості білків молока і зі згустку не відділяється сироватка.
Поліпшення консистенції кисломолочних напоїв спостерігається при збільшенні коагуляції сироваткових білків, які входять у згусток, утворений казеїном під дією молочної кислоти. Але високі температури пастеризації або надто тривалє витримування молока за високих температур, коли під дією теплоти повністю коагулюють сироваткові білки, не поліпшують консистенцію кисломолочних продуктів. Теплова обробка молока поєднується з гомогенізацією, яка за температури не нижче 55 °С і тиску 17,5 МПа поліпшує консистенцію кисломолочних продуктів і запобігає відокремленню сироватки. При виробництві кисломолочних продуктів резервуарним способом гомогенізацію слід вважати обов’язковою технологічною операцією.
Після гомогенізації і пастеризації молоко негайно охолоджують до потрібної температури залежно від виду продукту. Охолоджене молоко надходить у ємкість для заквашування.
Бактеріальну закваску вносять зразу після охолодження молока. Не можна допускати розриву в часі, щоб уникнути розвитку небажаної мікрофлори.
Перед внесенням робочої закваски її ретельно перемішують до одержання рідкої однорідної консистенції, потім вливають у молоко в кількості 5% об’єму заквашуваного молока. Далі технологічні заходи деякою мірою різняться залежно від способу виробництва кисломолочних продуктів.
При термостатному способі після внесення закваски молоко негайно розливають у тару, закривають і вміщують у термостат, де підтримується оптимальна температура для розвитку молочнокислих культур.
Готовність продукту визначають за характером згустку і кислотністю. Звичайно згусток утворюється за кислотності близько 60 °Т. Він має бути однорідним, достатньо щільним, без виділення сироватки. У момент готовності продукту кислотність повинна бути 70 – 75 °Т, а південного і ацидофільного молока – 80–85 °Т, тому їх витримують у термостатній камері ще впродовж певного часу після утворення згустку.
Сквашування при використанні заквасок, виготовлених на чистих культурах молочнокислого стрептокока мезофільних рас, триває 5–7 год., при використанні термофільних рас – 2,5–3 год.
Продукцію після сквашування молока перевозять із термостатної у холодильну камеру, де охолоджують до температури не вище 8 °С. Роблять це якомога швидше, щоб пригальмувати молочнокисле бродіння. Внаслідок несвоєчасного охолодження погіршується якість продукту, оскільки підвищується його кислотність і виділяється сироватка.
Після охолодження продукт витримують у холодильній камері протягом 6–12 год. для визрівання. При цьому жир твердне, казеїн зв’язує воду, бубнявіє, внаслідок чого консистенція продуктів стає щільною.
При резервуарному способі виробництва кисломолочних продуктів заквашування і сквашування молока, охолодження і визрівання відбуваються в одній і тій же ємкості, а в пляшки, пакети розливають вже готовий продукт. Перед розливанням продукт перемішують, внаслідок чого порушується згусток, який має сметаноподібну консистенцію.
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