Однією з перших операцій машинної переробки м’яса є подрібнення.
М’ясну сировину можна подрібнювати роздавлюванням, розколюванням, ударом, розривом, розламуванням, стиранням, різанням. Вибір механічного впливу залежить від фізико-механічних властивостей (міцності, пружності, пластичності, в’язкості, липкості й т.д.) і розмірів продукту, що подрібнюється. У технологічному обладнанні подрібнення досягається сполученням декількох видів механічного впливу, наприклад, різання з роздавлюванням, розколювання з ударом (дробарки, силові подрібнювачі, вовчки й ін.), різанням, роздавлюванням зі стиранням (куттери, колоїдні млини, подрібнювачі м’яса й ін.).
Операція подрібнення відрізняється від розбирання м’яса тим, що якщо при розбиранні тушу розрубують чи розпилюють на великі шматки (півтуші, четвертини туші, шматки), то при подрібненні відбувається поділ м’яса на дрібні частини. Так, розмір шматків м’яса може змінюватися від 300 мм до колоїдного розміру (0,001 мм) (таблиця 1).
Машини для подрібнення м’яса і м’ясних продуктів бувають періодичної, безперервної і напівбезперервної дії.
Відповідно до прийнятої класифікації процесу подрібнення (див. табл. 1 та рис. 1) машини для подрібнення м’яса і м’ясопродуктів поділяють на машини для крупного, середнього, дрібного і тонкого подрібнення.
До машин для крупного подрібнення належать машини для відокремлення голів, рогів і кінцівок, розпилювання туш і півтуш, обвалювання м’яса, пластування й зняття шкурки зі шпику.
Таблиця 1 – Класифікація способів подрібнення м’яса
| Подрібнення | Середній розмір шматка, мм | |
| до подрібнення | після подрібнення | |
| крупне
середнє дрібне тонке надтонке (колоїдний розмел) |
до 300
до 200 200 …100 10 …2 2 …0,4 |
до 100
60 … 10 10 …2 2 …0,4 75•10-3 … 1•10-3 |
Машинами для середнього подрібнення є машини для подрібнення м’якої сировини й сировини, що містить жир, суміші твердої та м’якої сировини, заморожених блоків, для дроблення кісток та нарізування напівфабрикатів і шпику.
До машин для дрібного подрібнення належать машини для подрібнення м’яса і шпика (вовчки, шпигорізки).
Машини для тонкого та надтонкого подрібнення — це машини для подрібнення фаршу (куттери, колоїдні млини).
Основним робочим органом обладнання для подрібнення є ріжучий механізм, який виконаний або одиночною, або парною деталлю. У якості одиночного ріжучого механізму використовують ножі різної конструкції, полотна, або ножі в комбінації з додатковою ріжучою деталлю, виконаною у вигляді решітки (плоскої, конічної або циліндричної), диска із зубами або пальцями, а також ножів, розташованих на конусі, циліндрі або площині. Парні деталі бувають нерухомими або рухомими, що обертаються назустріч, щільно притиснутими до ріжучих ножів, або змонтованими на певній відстані друг від друга. Одиночні ріжучі механізми використовують, в основному, в обладнанні для подрібнення твердої сировини, а механізми з ріжучою парою застосовують для подрібнення м’якої сировини.
Рисунок 1 – Класифікація машин для подрібнення
До обладнання для подрібнення м’ясопродуктів висуваються наступні вимоги.
Усі механізми подрібнювачів (рушійні, передатні й робочі) мають бути виконані таким чином, щоб при обробленні сировини максимально забезпечувалися потрібний ступінь подрібнення, збереження споживної цінності та якості продукту й мінімальні втрати сировини.
Подрібнення не повинне супроводжуватися великими зусиллями стиску, що призводить до видавлювання м’ясного соку. Температура подрібненого продукту не повинна бути вищою за допустиму згідно з діючою технологією.
Неприпустиме потрапляння у робочі зони мастил, іржі, окалини та металевих вкраплень від спрацювання деталей.
Деталі, що стикаються з продуктом, варто виготовляти з антикорозійних матеріалів.
Конструкція робочих механізмів має бути зручною при розбиранні й складанні, легкодоступною для санітарного оброблення і видалення залишків сировини чи продукції.
Електродвигуни, пускова апаратура, електропроводка, контрольно-вимірювальні і регулювальні прилади повинні бути у водозахисному чи герметичному виконанні. Електродвигуни й електроапаратура мають бути надійно заземлені.
В наступних розділах ми розглянемо основні машини для подрібнення м’яса та шпику, які використовуються при виробництві ковбасного фаршу: вовчки, шпигорізки, куттери та машини для подрібнення фаршу.
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